40yapar

** “ **** C **** U **** L **** T **** U **** R **** E **** S **** ” **
 * COLOURS OF THE WORLD **

**1. **** AFR **** I **** CA ** Every country has its own traditions and cultures. Of all the countries in the world, African culture stands out. The culture in Africa is rich and diverse as it keeps changing from country to country in the continent. Africa is one individual continent within which many cultures and traditions can be found. That's what makes Africa so attractive to people around the world. The culture in Africa centers around the ethnic groups and their family traditions. The African art, music, oral literature, all display the religious and social patterns of the African culture.  Africa has a rich tradition of arts and crafts. African arts and crafts find expression in a variety of woodcarvings, brass and leather art works. African arts and crafts also include sculpture, paintings, pottery, ceremonial and religious headgear and dress.African culture has always placed emphasis on personal appearance.Jewelry has remained an important personal accessory. Many pieces of such jewellery are made of cowry shells and similar materials. Similarly, masks are made with elaborate designs and are important part of African culture. Masks are used in various ceremonies depicting ancestors and spirits, mythological characters and deities.In most of traditional art and craft of Africa, certain themes significant to African culture, including a couple, a woman with a child, a male with a weapon or animal, and an outsider or a stranger. Couples may represent ancestors, community founder, married couple or twins. The couple theme rarely exhibit intimacy of men and women. The mother with the child or children reveals intense desire of the African women to have children. The theme is also representative of mother mars and the people as her children. The man with the weapon or animal theme symbolizes honor and power. The continent of Africa speaks hundreds of languages. These languages and dialects do not have the same importance: some are spoken by only few hundred persons, others are spoken by millions. Among the most prominent languages spoken are Arabic, Swahili and Hausa. Very few countries of Africa use any single language and for this reason several official languages coexist. As I said,there are so many different groups and traditions that it is impossible to talk about all of them.Family is the most important part of every culture of Africa.According to one unique traditional culture of Africa, the people of Labola follow an interesting custom. The groom has to pay the father of the bride to compensate for the 'loss' of his daughter to the man in marriage. Today the father of the bride is compensated in cash. It is believed that this tradition has deep-rooted reasons for bringing families together. It helps build mutual respect between the families and shows the father that the boy is capable of providing and supporting his daughter. In many customs, the weddings are held at night under the full moon. If the moon is not bright, it is considered to be bad luck. The bride's parents do not attend the week-long celebrations, as it is a sad event for them. The wedding celebrations are not a joyous event for the parents of the bride. Polygamy is practiced in many African cultures. As long as a man can support his wives, he can marry. The wives share the responsibility of housework, raising children, preparing meals and so on. Polygamy is supposed to bring families together and help in thinking about the welfare of others. Family protection is the core value followed in African tribes. Members look out for one another, take care of each other in times of need, hunt together and make sure no child is abandoned. Children are taught from a very young age, the core values of tribes and family importance. There are specific chores for each member of the group that falls in the same age group. All are expected to work for the welfare of the tribe and contribute by doing their assigned chores and obeying the sacred customs and cultures of Africa.Children receive little discipline until about age five to seven, but thereafter are socialized with authoritarian discipline. Boys herd cows and sheep and girls assist their mothers in watching babies and gathering wood. The coming of age or rites of passage, varies from tribes to tribes. Many tribes perform the circumcision of males. A few tribes perform circumcision in women as well. Circumcision is supposed to be a ritual that takes place over several months and the person is forbidden to cry or scream. If the person does scream, he/ she is considered as a coward one. Africa is a huge continent and the food and drink of Africa reflect local influences, as also glimpses of colonial food traditions, including use of food products like peppers, peanuts and maize introduced by the colonizers. The African cuisine is a combination of traditional fruits and vegetables, milk and meat products. The African village diet is often milk, curds and whey. Exotic game and fish are gathered from Africa's vast area. Traditional African cuisine in most of Africa is characterized by use of starch as a focus, accompanied by stew containing meat or vegetables, or both. Cassava and yams are the main root vegetables. Africans also use steamed greens with hot spices. Dishes of steamed or boiled green vegetables, peas, beans and cereals, starchy cassava, yams and sweet potatoes are widely consumed. In each African locality, there are numerous wild fruits and vegetables which are used as food. Watermelon, banana and plantain are some of the more familiar fruits.
 * A. PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE ISSUE **


 * 2.CUBA **



Although Christopher Columbus (on 27 October 1492) officially discovered Cuba, aboriginal tribesmen (Taino) lived in modern-day Cuba for centuries before this date. Since 1510 Cuba has became a popular port of call for ships sailing between Europe, Africa, Central America and North America. Consequently, today Cuba has a magnificent diversity of cultures and customs. After the government has been overthrown by Fidel Castro, Cuba begin to be polarized by the Western world over the last few decades. Because of the rich history of Cuba, its population is made of a wide range of indigenous people. However, 60 per cent of the population of Cuba today consists of Spanish. The remainder of Cuba’s population is made up of descendants from Cuba’s slave trade and those of mixed race. Cuba proudly boasts one of the best education systems in Latin America with over 97 per cent of its population being literate. In order to achieve this, Cuban children are normally required to attend school between the ages of 6 and 15 when they’ll receive a Secondary School Completion Diploma and may elect to leave school. Students who wish to continue their studies can do so at either a Technical Secondary School or Upper Secondary School, until they reach the age of 18. Students, who complete their Upper Secondary School studies, are entitled to attend university, which is free to all students. A university course in Cuba usually last between 4 and 5 years. <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">As a communist country, it should be noted that large parts of Cuba’s education system focus on alternative forms of education; such as mechanics, farming, etc. In this regard, students are required, under Cuba’s education system, to spend at least a small part of each year by working the land. <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Cuba has one of the best possible healthcare systems in Latin American and the Caribbean. As a communist country, the healthcare provided is also free. <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Aside from its extensive array of hospitals, Cuba also has a good selection of pharmacies - known locally as “farmacias”. Most of the big farmacias are open 24 hours a day. <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Cuba is possibly best known around the world for 3 things: communism; sport (boxing and baseball) and music. However, Cuba really has much more customs than these. For example, food is important to Cubans; arts are important to Cubans and fiesta time is important to Cubans. <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Aside from those cultural norms that you may see in Cuba, Cuba also has a few more select customs. A traditional Cuban wedding would be among these more select cultural norms. <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">As a Catholic country you would think that Cubans took marriage serious. On the contrary, since the communist revolution, Cuba has one of the highest divorce rates in Latin America. Many argue that the reason for this is because of the fiesta fun had at a wedding is far greater than the fun provided by mariages. Whatever the case may be, many Cubans in their mid-30s are into their third marriage! <span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">As a communist country, the wedding ceremony in Cuba is a civil one. Weddings can be colorful and exotics occasions. Following the wedding ceremony there is usually a large fiesta at which the traditional wedding cake is presented. Many a Cuban will spend a fortune on making sure that both the drive to the ceremony and the wedding cake are memorable occasions at their wedding.
 * __<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Overview: __**
 * __<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cuban People: __**
 * __<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cuban Education System: __**
 * __<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cuban Health System: __**
 * __<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cuban Customs: __**
 * __<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cubans and marriage: __**
 * <span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">__The wedding ceremony:__ **


 * 3.ARABIAN CULTURE **

<span style="color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">It is obvious that one of the most interesting and radical culture all over the world is Arab Culture. There are many varied tradition and customs in this culture .To begin with, they have a great variety of food culture. They like to eat spicy meals and it is a tradition to eat meals with their hands. They do not eat pork and drink any alcohol. While they eating their meals they would like to sit on the ground. After postprandial, while chatting, they like to drink Arab coffee and shish- a form of tobacco, chopped up, soaked in honey and glycerin and smoked with a pipe-. In additionally, they do meeting at least one or two days in a week which is called ``meclis`` in Arab culture. They chat and drink shisha till morning. Another impressive feature of the Arab Culture is their life style. To illustrate men wear a long white dress which is called `thob` and women wear a black full length body cover dress which is called `abaya`. Women are required to wear abayas. Arab are self-indulgent and relaxed. They avoid being in a hurry. On the other hand, family is one of the most important aspects of the Arab society. According to Arabs, they must defend each other`s honor and display group cohesion. Of all members of the family the most revered member is the mother. Arab boys and girls are treated very differently. Boys are given great affection and are pampered by their parents. Girls are also given affection, but are weaned much earlier than boys and are not pampered. Moreover, men and women often eat separately,and they always pray separately. A man does not shake a woman`s hand unless she offers her own hand. When speaking to a female, men generally do not stare at women or maintain eye contact. It is considered disrespectful to stare at a women during conversation. Furthermore, in comparison to the West, male interaction in Arabic culture is remarkably different. Arab men hug each other and exchange cheek kisses. While walking outside, Arab men hold hands or one man might place his hand on the other`s man arm. This behavior does not indicate a man`s sexual preference. Lastly, across every group in Arab culture, one of the most used phrases is ``inshallah`` which means ``if it is God`s will``. It is common for Arabs to say ``inshallah`` after discussing any future plans.
 * 4.Countries and People with Interesting Cultures and Customs **

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">There is many a different culture around the world. Let’s meet some of them!

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> In India, people drop their babies from the roof a 15-meter apartment. Babies fall on a sheet that the people on the ground hold. Parents believe that this provides their babies with a longer and healthier life.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">People living near Amazon in Brazil have a painful custom for their male children. According to this custom, a male child has to put his hand into a pocket in which there are many dangerous ants and hold it there for some time to be a real man. This is one of the worst pains in the world. Unfortunately, a child in Brazil has to do that for 20 times. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Shiite whip themselves with sharp chains in memory of <span style="color: #3b3232; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hussein, the son of Ali. Parents make their children do that for them to get used to this custom.

<span style="color: #3b3232; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">In Philippines, the caves covered with lime are regarded as homes to the dead. According to this belief, the coffins of the dead are hanged out the caves where the corpses are buried.

<span style="color: #3b3232; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some people living in Kenya greet each other by spitting J <span style="color: #3b3232; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. When a baby is born, his parents spit on him to protect him from bad souls. Adult people spit on their hands before shaking each other’s as a sign of respect.


 * B.QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ISSUE **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1- In which culture do you want to participate? In which culture do you want to live?

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2- Which culture is closer to you? Why?

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">3- Before reading our informations, had you ever heard anything about these cultures?


 * C. A VIDEO RELATED TO THE ISSUE **

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<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">It is astonishing to watch the scenes which was recorded during the first introduction of the modern white man and the primitive mankind in the deep of virgin forest. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">A scientist and a cameraman doing researches in the deep of jungle come across a group of primitive men who are unaware of modern world and white men. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">One of the primitive men standing on the cut down wood connecting the two sides of the river aims an arrow towards the white man. At this time, the white man calls for fraternization by giving him a fish. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">We have chosen this video as we found it quite interesting. While modern people live by using technological devices, improving their knowledge and making progress in every field, there are still primitive clans who are unaware of white human beings, who are much more superior to them. On the other hand, in our opinion, one of the primitives’ touching cameraman’s hand and his getting frightened is the most interesting part of the video.


 * D.A SONG ABOUT THE ISSUE **

<span style="color: blue; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">@http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLcB1pozNsQ&feature=related

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The singer in this video clip is one of the most famous Arab singer Mohammad Abdu. We chose this song because it depicts the Arab music and some of their instruments. In addition to this, we can see some traces from their culture such as their wearing, the Arab language and so on. Most Arabs like this kind of songs instead of pop music and rap music.


 * E.A NEWS ABOUT THE ISSUE **

[|**http://www.damninteresting.com/another-world/**]

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The text is about a tribe in Brazil called <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the Pirahã. The writer of the text mainly focuses on two specific characteristic of the tribe: Their inability to count and their amazing physical endurance. Firstly, the writer touches on the belief that numbers are not necessary for a concept of mathematics by referencing other tribes with similarly limited numerical vocabulary who managed to practice some mathematical concepts. Then, the writer mentions the tribe’s endurance. As he said, they take short naps from fifteen minutes to a few hours. They only occasionally sleep through the night. In addition to this, they often starve themselves in order to make themselves stronger even if they have enough food. The main purpose of the writer is to inform us some of the characteristics of the Pirahã. Thus, the writer does not use informal language and does not express his/her feelings and thoughts. The main reason why we have chosen this information is that we like its connection of our main topic, different cultures, and the information draws our attention as the introduction paragraph is interesting.

** GRAMATIC ANALYSE OF THE NEWS **

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Try to imagine a world without numbers.(**preposition).** It would be pretty hard to get by without basic counting, such as being able to tell whether you had caught five fish or ten fish. (**noun clause,conjuction**). <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The inhabitants of the banks of the Maici river live in a world unlike our own.(**conjuction**). They can barely count, and anything more difficult than that is right out.(**transition**) That’s not all that’s different about them; They lack any examples of art or fiction, and their language has a grammar so radical that it could possibly disprove the theory that certain principles of grammar are shared by all languages– the //universal grammar// theory.(**conjuction**)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">There used to be a belief, however, that number words were not necessary for a concept of mathematics.(**conjuction**) Other tribes with similarly limited numerical vocabularies have managed to practice some mathematical concepts, however researchers have failed to teach the Pirahã even the most basic math(**conjuction**).This is not to say that they do not understand what math is– just that they cannot seem to do any of it.(**noun clause**) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Also limited is their kinship system, for which there are only terms for direct biological descendants (daughter, son) and for people of differing generations (i.e., one generation older). (**relative clause**), (**transition**). There are even some claims by researchers that the Pirahã borrowed their pronoun set from a neighboring tribe and did not even have any before recent times!(**noun clause**) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Of course, it would be difficult to develop a complex vocabulary when limited to just ten consonants and vowels, a number which makes the Pirahã language the world’s most phonetically limited language.(relative clause) But while the language cannot be written, it can be whistled, hummed, or put into music.(**complex sentence**) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">When one starts to look at the grammar of their language, it becomes even stranger still. .(**complex sentence**) Of more interest to linguists is the discovery that the Pirahã language does not allow for one phrase to be embedded inside another, which means the language is not //recursive//.(**relative clause**) This property of the Pirahã language runs counter to the theory of universal grammar, since recursion is one of the properties of the theory. .(**complex sentence**) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">As far as researchers know, there are no fictional stories nor mythologies in the Pirahã culture. .(**complex sentence**) All stories are descriptions of experiences, and these stories only go back one or two generations at most.(**compound sentence**, **transition**). There is practically no art in their culture; whatever drawings they make are only used to describe the spirit world that they have experienced and are not drawn for aesthetic purposes.(**compound sentence**), (**noun clause**) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">One might think that this unique way of life would disappear if introduced to modern life, but this is not the case.(**complex sentence, noun clause**) They do not live in isolation; they have been in contact with other Brazilians for over two hundred years, and they have sold goods to traders for quite a while.(**compound sentence**) Rather than being absorbed by their neighbors, they resist. .(**complex sentence**) The reason for this is because the Pirahã see themselves as intrinsically better than the people around them, and so they do their best to avoid being like others.(**complex sentence)**


 * F.A PICTURE ABOUT THE ISSUE **



<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">What makes the world a colourful place to live is cultures. Without them world would be like a desert. As you can see in the picture, what makes a culture real is not a human being but many of them. Every single person is a part of it. We choose this picture because it shows us the main term related to the issue "Colours of The World". On the other hand, when you see the picture you can see the wealthiness of our world. Every culture and every member of those cultures is our prosperity. That is why we should consider the differences in this perspective.We should give same importance and worth to every culture. Moreover, we should also protect those culture because they are our color of the world. Different and interesting cultures make world much more livable.To make the world much more livable we have to respect each others differences. It is the only way to live together in peace. In addition to that, when we overcome our prejudices the world will be a place where everyone is happy. Lastly, we would like to take your attention to the similes of peoples on the picture.So why wouldn`t everyone in this world simile as them?

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thank you people, thank you cultures!


 * <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">GAMZE SARIYILDIZ **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">HAZAL ÖZDEMİR **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">EMBİYA ÇAĞLAR ÖZTÜRK **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">MESUT SALKIN **